[147][148] In 2005, government assets were estimated at around $120 billion. The runway of the airport has been extended and upgraded and as of August 2014 there were regularly scheduled direct flights to Delhi, Dubai, Mashad, and various airports in Afghanistan. Handicrafts. [295] According to Pew Research Center, as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% Shia and 3% non-denominational. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC, which was succeeded in the third century AD by the Sassanid Empire, a major world power for the next four centuries. The American English pronunciation /arn/ may be heard in U.S. media. [265] They can be deadly and destructive, causing landslides in some parts or avalanches during the winter. Century Viewpoint", "IRANIANS' ATTITUDES TOWARD RELIGION: A 2020 SURVEY REPORT", "Iran's secular shift: new survey reveals huge changes in religious beliefs", "Iranians have lost their faith according to survey", "A secular Iran? [55] The region of Arachosia, around Kandahar in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to Persia and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism". [461] The guiding motif of Iranian architecture is its cosmic symbolism, "by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven". A large number of Iranian Assyrian and Iranian Armenian Christians, as well as those Muslims who tried to protect them, were victims of mass murders committed by the invading Ottoman troops, notably in and around Khoy, Maku, Salmas, and Urmia.[152][153][154][155][156]. The Hephthalites from Herat and some unidentified Turks opposed the Arab forces in a battle of Qohestn in 651-52 AD, trying to block their advance on Nishpur, but they were defeated, When the Arab armies appeared in Khorsn in the 650s AD, Hert was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire. [184], Employees between the age of 18 and 65 years are covered by the social security system with financing shared between the employee (7% of salary), the employer (2023%) and the state, which in turn supplements the employer contribution up to 3%. [51][52] There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well. In addition to modern Iran, it includes portions of the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. The song is featured on their 2019 album Everyday Life. [337], The tentative rapprochement between Iran and the US, which began in the second half of 2013, has the potential to become a world-changing development, and unleash tremendous geopolitical and economic opportunities, if it is sustained [] if Iran and the US were to achieve a diplomatic breakthrough, geopolitical tensions in the Middle East could decline sharply, and Iran could come to be perceived as a promising emerging market in its own right. The country's highest point is Noshaq, at 7,492m (24,580ft) above sea level. ", "Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix", "Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth", "AAN Q&A: An established industry Basic facts about Afghanistan's opium-driven economy", "Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N.", "Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best", "Saffron production hits record high in Afghanistan", "Green Energy Complicates the Taliban's New Battle Against Opium: The multibillion-dollar trade has survived previous bans. The enemy were a pack of leopards, and as strong as elephants. Realistically, too, there is a ring of truth in the division. [351] Tehran Times, Iran Daily, and Financial Tribune are among English-language newspapers based in Iran. Its implementation hinges mainly on the modalities of the alliances enhanced deterrence and defense. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005. [228][229][226], Taliban rule was swiftly restored as its opponents were defeated or left the country. [165] While the Shah increasingly modernized Iran and claimed to retain it as a fully secular state,[28] arbitrary arrests and torture by his secret police, the SAVAK, were used for crushing all forms of political opposition.[166]. [278][279] The Council interprets the constitution and may veto the Parliament. Others would suffer severe strain. [290] The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order: Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946. [49], On 12 August 2021, the city was captured by the Taliban during the 2021 Taliban offensive.[50]. [419] On the other hand, another 2020 survey conducted online by an organization based outside of Iran found a much smaller percentage of Iranians identifying as Muslim (32.2% as Shia, 5.0% as Sunni, and 3.2% as Sufi), and a significant fraction not identifying with any organized religion (22.2% identifying as "None," and some others identifying as atheists, spiritual, agnostics, and secular humanists). [98] Ahmad Shah had launched his first invasion in 1748, crossing the indus river, his armies sacked and absorbed Lahore into the Durrani Realm. The Marco Polo sheep exclusively live in the Wakhan Corridor region of north-east Afghanistan. This changed after the fall of the Sasanian Empire by the centuries-long Islamization that followed the Muslim Conquest of Iran. [492], Attan is the national dance of Afghanistan, a group dance popularly performed by Afghans of all backgrounds. This will require a major overhaul. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the Jamhuriat Hospital and Jinnah Hospital. Similarly, Glasgow-based Collins English Dictionary provides both English English and American English pronunciations. Important dams include the Kajaki Dam, Dahla Dam, and the Sardeh Band Dam. [401][402], The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, lithium, uranium, rare earth elements, chromite, gold, zinc, talc, barite, sulfur, lead, marble, precious and semi-precious stones, natural gas, and petroleum. Human beings are members of a whole Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry Remarks at the Lease-Signing Ceremony for U.S. Consulate Herat", "Taliban captures Herat city after taking Ghazni", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "40938: Herat (Afghanistan) Synop Summary", "Cars, Not War, Threaten Afghan Minarets", "Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets of Herat, Jam", "2003 National Geographic Population Map", "The State of Afghan Cities 2015, Volume 2", "Relics of old Afghanistan reveal Jewish past", http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/, http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/, "Iran to Herat railway Railways of Afghanistan", "Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018", "Grace: Afghans arrive to embrace sister city Bluffs and to share their passion and hope", Traditional Persian residential architecture, Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herat&oldid=1119569255, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing cleanup from August 2022, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2022, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Herat Museum, located inside the Herat Citadel. [339], According to CNN, the new government is likely to be a unitary Deobandist Islamic republic. [510] Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as International Workers' Day and International Women's Day. in 2008),[25] and on the back of the 100,000-rial banknote issued in 2010); according to the scholar Habib Yaghmai is also the only version found in the earliest manuscripts, which date to within 50 years of the writing of the Golestan. The Strategic Concept seeks to prepare NATO to deal with the deteriorating security environment over the past decade characterized by Russias aggression against Ukraine and the rise of China. [495] The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity. By the late 1990s, Iran imported much of its food. [408], The country has significant amounts of lithium, copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other minerals. However, at the end of the war, Soviet troops remained in Iran and established two puppet states in north-western Iran, namely the People's Government of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Mahabad. From the raining of arrows, that descended like hail, the storm of death arose in every corner. The French Medical Institute for Children and Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital in Kabul are the leading children's hospitals in the country. The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution. The history of Bukhara stretches back millennia. The majority of the production focused on melodrama and thrillers. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak, a local Ghilzai tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the Safavids. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to the Parliament for revision. GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men", which would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. In the north of the country is the Shrine of Ali, believed by many to be the location where Ali was buried. [45] Shia-dominated Hazarajat and pagan Kafiristan remained politically independent until being conquered by Abdur Rahman Khan in 18911896. [123][124] There are virtually millions of people who do not pay taxes in Iran and hence operate outside the formal economy. The village of Istalif, north of Kabul, is in particular a major center, known for its unique turquoise and green pottery,[476] and their methods of crafting have remained the same for centuries. In 2018, a majority of imports come from either Iran, China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, while 84% of exports are to Pakistan and India. [218] The Persian leopard, which is the world's largest leopard subspecies and lives primarily in northern Iran, is also endangered. Questia. As the capital of the Timurid empire, it boasted many fine religious buildings and was famous for its sumptuous court life and musical performance and its tradition of miniature paintings. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.[221]. With Humayun centered in Kandahar, and Mahmud Shah centered in Herat. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Several commercial banks have branches throughout the country. Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective - Page 129, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia - Page 465. Unpublished work tables for estimating Iran's mortality. [292][293], The Islamic Republic of Iran has two types of armed forces: the regular forces of the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy, and the Revolutionary Guards, totaling about 545,000 active troops. Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz, Ahvaz and Isfahan are constructing underground railways. 22", "PERSIA changed to IRAN Renaming Persia why & when? [136] A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Moqaddasi (Maqdesi), Asan al-taqsim fi marifat al-aqlim, ed. Currently three Armenian churches in Iran have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[441][442]. [40] However in March 2022, the Iranian parliament under new president Ebrahim Raisi decided to eliminate a major subsidy for importing food, medicines and animal feed, valued at $15 billion in FY2021. Later, the Samanids extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. [388] Afghan rugs are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 201617 it was the fourth most exported group of items. Alongside the ancient Iranian celebrations, Islamic annual events such as Ramezn, Eid e Fetr, and Ruz e ur are marked by the country's large Muslim population, Christian traditions such as Noel,[523] elle ye Ruze, and Eid e Pk[524] are observed by the Christian communities, Jewish traditions such as Purim,[525] Hanuk,[526] and Eid e Fatir (Pesah)[527][528] are observed by the Jewish communities, and Zoroastrian traditions such as Sade[529] and Mehrgn are observed by the Zoroastrians. [241] National Petrochemical Company's output capacity will increase to over 100 milliontpa by 2015 from an estimated 50 milliontpa in 2010 thus becoming the world' second largest chemical producer globally after Dow Chemical with Iran housing some of the world's largest chemical complexes. The provinces are divided into counties (ahrestn, ), and subdivided into districts (bax, ) and sub-districts (dehestn, ). Two days of anti-Taliban protests occurred in December 1996 which was violently dispersed and led to the imposition of a curfew. [151] Smuggling is encouraged in part by the generous subsidization of domestic goods (including fuel). Considered employee-friendly, the labor law makes it difficult to lay off staff. As a result of the 19th-century Russo-Iranian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Republic of Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. In 2003 Iran ranked 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Employing personnel on consecutive six-month contracts (to avoid paying benefits) is illegal, as is dismissing staff without proof of a serious offense. The country has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. In the wake of Russias invasion of Ukraine, cyber norms discussions at the UN have reached an impasse. Wells have gradually been deepened, but water resources are limited. [199] Other products include paper, rubber products, processed foods, leather products and pharmaceuticals. Other important manufactures include automobiles, home and electric appliances, telecommunications equipment, cement and industrial machinery. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden girls and female teachers from returning to secondary schools. [261], Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. [citation needed], Foreign transactions with Iran amounted to $150 billion of major contracts between 2000 and 2007, including private and government lines of credit. 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