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A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing progress toward elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of lymphatic filariasis. Correspondence to vector biting rates or transmission poten-tials. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Despite a dramatic and stable decrease in the prevalence of infection in the older age groups and in mosquitoes 5years following the cessation of MDA in six villages previously highly endemic for LF, a significant increase in the prevalence of LF antigenemia as assessed by ICT occurred among 67 year-old children. Careful monitoring for recrudescence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection is necessary in communities where mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem has been stopped. Studies of, Southgate BA, Bryan JH. Although the PCR identification of An. arabiensis. The role of insects in the transmission of protozoans such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma and nematodes such as Wuchereria, Onchocerca, and Brugia has already been discussed. Antibody to the W. bancrofti infective larval stage (L3) antigen, Wb123, was tested in the same population in 2012. Because of the concern of potential transmission, additional diagnostic tests were performed on eluted blood spots from the 67 year-old children in 2012, namely the Og4C3 ELISA (Tropbio Townsville, Australia) and ELISA testing for antibodies to Wb123 as previously described [8]. Trends Parasitol. 2017. II. However, what is needed is an adequately designed prospective study of W. bancrofti transmission dynamics and vector control in this region of Mali. The study was carried out to compare the infectivity rates of the vectors between the high transmission . The observation that An. Wuchereria bancrofti is a nematode endoparasite inhabiting the lymphatic vessels andlymphat.c nodes of man causing filariasis or wuchereriasis and elephantiasis. arabiensis and An. Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly Mali International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali. A supervisor retrieved the containers at two-hour intervals. Accessibility The sheath of microfilaria digests in the stomach of mosquito. In 2002, both An. Seth R. Irish, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing original draft, Writing review & editing, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing review & editing, [], and Christine Dubray, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing original draft, Writing review & editing. quinquefasciatus in Dhaka in the months of March and November. Wanji S, Amvongo-Adjia N, Koudou B, Njouendou AJ, Chounna Ndongmo PW, Kengne-Ouafo JA, et al. pada tubuhnya mempunyai inti yang halus, sama besar dan tersusun teratur tanpa inti tambahan (nukleus terminalis) pada ujung posterior. Factors affecting transmission of, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/87989/1/9789241505642_eng.pdf, Global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The funding bodies did not play any role in the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, nor the decision to write the manuscript. Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is widely endemic in Cte d'Ivoire, and elimination as public health problem (EPHP) is based on annual mass drug administration (MDA) using ivermectin and albendazole. Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic worm which is responsible for filariasis infection. Lymphatic filariasis. Plasticity of host selection by malaria vectors of Papua New Guinea. campestris, Cx. Google Scholar. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 4 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. No infective mosquito was recovered in December 2001 (Table2). Siaka Konate, Email: rf.oohay@2002orofik. yicoulibaly@icermali.org Author profile Our study used approximately the same number of trap sites (180 per evaluation unit) and trap nights (3 per trap site), and the areas of Panchagarh district (1405km2) and the three sub-districts of Gaibandha (785km2) were similar in size to that of Galle district in Sri Lanka (1652km2). DNA quality was confirmed prior to PCR using a NanoDrop (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Acta Trop. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Although two W. bancrofti-infected Anopheles were observed by dissection among 12,951 mosquitoes collected by HLC, none had L3 larvae when tested by L3-specific RT-PCR. The An. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Whereas infection and infectivity rates were similar in 2001 and 2002 for An. Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes. Our data suggest, nevertheless, that an integrated assessment strategy that combines serologic- and vector-based techniques may be useful in the assessment of transmission interruption following cessation of MDA in LF-endemic areas. Parasit Vectors. Molecular xenomonitoring using mosquitoes to map lymphatic filariasis after mass drug administration in American Samoa. Epub 2014 Aug 29. The collected data were entered using Microsoft Access 2007 and analysed using Graph Pad prism version 5 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. eliminating mosquito transmission by mass administration of combination therapy in endemic regions to reduce microfilariae circulating in the bloodstream Worms release _____ instead of eggs. Lamberton P, Cheke RA, Walker M, Winskill P, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Tirados I, et al. PCR and mosquito dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection levels following mass treatment. You may switch to Article in classic view. The .gov means its official. Gravid traps and nets were labelled using stickers with barcodes. The protocol and consent form were approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako, Mali (No. Time line of treatment, EVAL, and monitoring. funestus complexes can be processed in the same pool [11, 13]. Elias M, Mizanur Rahman AJM, Ali MM, Begum J, Chowdhury AR. We noticed an upward trend in the number of mosquitoes collected per consecutive trap night, which might be the result of increased attractiveness of the infusion due to bacterial colonization [26]. A more efficient way to identify foci of transmission might be to use MX in smaller geographical areas, for example, where positive cases have been identified through a TAS [22]. CFA prevalence decreased in this group from 4.9% (39/800) to 3.5% (28/795) and 2.8% (50/1,812) in 2009, 2011 and 2012, respectively (trend DNA makes up chromosomes. Lymphedema or elephantiasis results from the accumulation of interstitial fluid in the affected anatomic compartment causing localized swelling [1, 2].Lymphatic filariasis (LF)-related lymphedema is caused by three filarial species, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [].Podoconiosis is another condition in Africa causing lymphedema. Microfilaraemia was assessed in ICT-positive subjects. Coulibaly YI, Dembele B, Diallo AA, Konate S, Dolo H, Coulibaly SY, et al. funestus complex prefers shadowed and vegetated breeding sites while An. In contrast, Anopheles punctulatus and An. Mali International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly,Benoit Dembele,Abdallah Amadou Diallo,Siaka Konate,Housseini Dolo,Ilo Dicko,Moussa Brema Sangare,Falaye Keita,Yeya Tiemoko Tour&Sekou Fantamady Traore, Department of Epidemiology and International Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, Centre National dAppui la lutte contre la Maladie (CNAM), Bamako, Mali, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly&Abdel Kader Traore, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, You can also search for this author in Some ICT-positive individuals were microfilaraemic in 2009 [2.6% (1/39)] and 2011 [8.3% (3/36)], but none were positive in 2012 or 2013. Article Transmission. funestus complexes were found to be harboring infective larvae during the two years of study (2001 and 2002). . Michel E. Coulibaly, Email: gro.ilamreci@uohcim. For volunteers <18years of age, a parent or an adult tutor provided consent. Parasitol Today. Mosquitoes were collected in Gaibandha district from September 28 to October 11, 2016, and in Panchagarh district from October 19 to November 1, 2016. Katholi CR, Barker JT. National Volume 2: Union Statistics. Further operational research and information sharing about how to programmatically simplify and standardize MX evaluations will also make these evaluations more accessible to a larger number of LF endemic countries entering the post-elimination validation phase. FOIA 2=12.80, df=3, P=0.0003) (Table3). funestus complex, the overall EIR in 2001 (1.2 infective bite/person) (Table2) was similar to that recorded in 2002 (1.03 infective bite/person) (Table3). CAS Since the goal of HLC is to collect the mosquito before it bites, the risk of infective bite is actually quite low. Results This study describes the first MX evaluation carried out in Bangladesh during the post-MDA period to evaluate the presence of mosquitoes infected with W. bancrofti. In Bangladesh for example, where the entomological and laboratory capacity to perform MX is available, MX could be used as one of the post-validation surveillance strategies to confirm interruption of transmission in areas at higher risk of transmission identified during TAS [7]. Whereas none of the ICT-positive 67 year-olds had detectable microfilaraemia, 1 of 39 (2.6%) individuals in the older group was microfilaraemic in 2009, and 3/36 (8.3%) were microfilaraemic in 2011. CAS gambiae (sensu stricto) has been observed in Ghana [31], it should also be assessed in other geographic locations (e.g. If we had calculated the sampling interval by dividing the total number of HH in the evaluation unit by the number of trap sites (180 houses per evaluation unit), some of the randomly selected villages would have received 0 traps and others 26. gambiae complex, than those reported in Banambani (Sudan savannah area) in Mali, where W. bancrofti is endemic but the prevalence of infection is lower [8]. 2010, 3: 12-10.1186/1756-3305-3-12. In conclusion, the entomological data from the present study confirmed the district of Sikasso as an area of high W. bancrofti transmission. Loa loa microfilaraemia has been shown to be associated with ICT-positivity at both the community and individual levels [15, 16]; however, the same studies showed no association between ICT-positivity and the prevalence of M. perstans, the only other filarial parasite endemic in the study area [17]. Malar J. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Wuchereria bancroftiis a filarial(arthropod-borne) nematode(roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. 1968;38(4):595-608. Each month, a 12-day entomological survey was conducted in the six villages to assess the village wide W. bancrofti transmission patterns during the LF transmission period in Mali from July to December [4]. The traps, containing 23 day old grass infusion bait, were turned on around 18:00, and were retrieved the following morning between 08:00 and 11:00. Mosquitoes were systematically collected from 180 trap sites per district and mosquito pools were tested for W. bancrofti using real-time PCR. We expected to collect at least 75 female Cx. gambiae and An. gambiae complex where the number captured decreased by almost 50%. The Culex quinquefasciatus sample size was based on a positivity threshold of <0.25%, a threshold previously suggested for areas where Culex mosquitoes are the vector [10]. For each trap collection site, district, sub-district, house numbers, GPS coordinates, and trap barcode numbers were entered into a data collection application developed on an Android smart phones and using the LINKS System (Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia) [16]. Reimer LJ, Thomsen EK, Tisch DJ, Henry-Halldin CN, Zimmerman PA, Baea ME, Dagoro H, Susapu M, Hetzel MW, Bockarie MJ, Michael E, Siba PM, Kazura JW. Google Scholar. This was consistent with the failure to detect infective mosquitoes or microfilaraemia. The study area comprised six villages in Sikasso district: Gondaga, Dozanso, Missasso, Ntorla, Niatanso and Zanadougou. W. bancrofti transmission was assessed in 2001 (pre-MDA) and 2002 (post-MDA) in the Central District of Sikasso in southern Mali by dissection of Anopheles mosquitoes caught using the human landing catch (HLC) method. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), a method by which parasite infection in the mosquito population is monitored, has also been proposed as a sensitive method to determine whether the parasite is still present in the human population. quinquefasciatus collected, 88% were gravid, 10% were unfed, 1% were semigravid, and 1% were fed (Table 1). funestus complex mosquitoes captured, although a higher degree of facilitation by An. funestus complex (4.9% versus 5.1% infection; Chi2=0.04, p=0.82 and 2% versus 2.2% infectivity; Chi2=0.06, p=0.80), the infectivity rate for An. funestus complex was responsible for more infective bites than the An. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000 with the goal of stopping transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) through yearly mass drug administration (MDA). Bancroftian filariasis is endemic in many areas of Papua New Guinea. The sum of our MX data and recent district-level data is consistent with the absence of W. bancrofti transmission in the two districts where the MX evaluations took place. A complete census, including the name, age, sex and profession of each inhabitant, was performed in all 6 villages. Villages within the two study areas had sizes that ranged from two to 2875 HH according to the 2014 census. Non-vectors might also be used for xenomonitoring, and testing non-vectors might help increase certainty of elimination of transmission in an area [28, 29]. Favia G, Louis C: Molecular identification of chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. CDC gravid traps can damage some of the collected mosquitoes [13]. Based on 2012 census data, the total population of the 6 villages was 5044. Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. In 2001, the overall monthly EIR was more than 10 fold higher for An. From our previous studies, in the same area, WHO criteria were met but the mosquitoes were still infective (infectivity rate of 0.02%) when the MDA was stopped [6]. Most cases of filariasis are caused . Although the ICT prevalence in this age group met WHO criteria for restarting MDA (>2% ICT-positive) [5], the prevalence using the Og4C3 ELISA and Wb123 antibody ELISA were below the threshold. It is bordered on three sides by India and in the south by three other districts belonging to the Rangpur division, all of them previously endemic for LF but without any positive cases identified during the TAS1 and TAS2 (2013, 2015). The number of mosquitoes collected using the HLC over the study period is detailed in Table4. Article This is probably due to the drastic reduction of microfilaraemia prevalence after the seven consecutive MDA treatments and to the relatively low number of mosquitoes collected and the low sensitivity of the dissection [7]. How is wuchereria Bancrofti diagnosed? Schmaedick MA, Koppel AL, Pilotte N, Torres M, Williams SA, Dobson SL, et al. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Article Although preliminary surveys of the human population in Mali suggested that Wuchereria bancrofti infection was highly endemic in the Sikasso district, baseline entomological data were . Wuchereria bancrofti it is an organism that belongs to the group of living beings whose DNA is found within the cell nucleus, delimited by the nuclear membrane. The significant scale up and success of Transmission Assessment Surveys TAS for endgame surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh: One step closer to the elimination goal of 2020. WHO. PubMed Central 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90096-U. pharaoensis and An. Mode of transmission is through mosquito bite. The head, thorax and abdomen were dissected separately for each mosquito and recovered parasite larvae were categorized into L1, L2 or L3 stages. funestus complex became increasingly more important in LF transmission from September through November (Table2 and 3). 2013 Aug 22;369(8):745-53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1207594. PubMed This paper examines the effects of host age and sex on the frequency distribution of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in the human host. The study was initiated in the Sikasso district in southern Mali prior to the introduction of MDA for the elimination of LF. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. 1. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Using 67 year-old children as the sentinel population makes sense in the Malian context because this group remains in the villages, whereas many adults travel from place to place because of seasonal migration for agriculture and may acquire infection in areas that have not yet started MDA [20]. As had been reported previously in Mali, An. Overall, the highest monthly vector relative frequencies for An. gambiae ss). gambiae complex were determined. DNA was extracted from pools using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturers instructions. funestus complex mosquitoes were responsible for a low level of transmission, which was similar during both years of the study (1.2 infective bites per person during the transmission season in 2001 and 1.03 in 2002). We would like to address special thanks to the local health care staff of Sikasso and Kolokoba, to the villagers and all the volunteers for their cooperation and participation to the field activities. The An. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 14 (College Station, TX) for descriptive statistics. Filarial vector studies in a diethylcarbamazine-treated and in untreated villages in Papua New Guinea. In 2013, testing of older children and adults was restricted to those who were positive by ICT in 2012 (n=50). Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM, Rwegoshora RT, Malecela MN, Derua YA, Magesa SM: Lymphatic filariasis control in Tanzania: effect of repeated mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole on infection and transmission. The aim of this study was to conduct an MX evaluation in two areas of Bangladesh, one previously endemic district that had stopped MDA (Panchagarh), and part of a non-endemic district (Gaibandha) that borders the district where transmission was most recently recorded. Structure of Wuchereria Bancrofti: The adult worms are long, hair-like, transparent and often creamy-white in colour. [23] found the highest densities of Cx. Although this was the first MX evaluation carried out in Bangladesh, MX evaluations have been used in other countries to evaluate the impact of MDA on human infection prevalence [46, 10, 22, 34, 35]. A highly attractive infusion could optimize collection efficiency and reduce the number of days of trapping needed to reach the desired sample size. Received 2018 Feb 9; Accepted 2018 Jun 1. Tropenmed Parasitol. arabiensis increased slightly (Trends Chi square=90.57; p<10-4) (Table4). Anopheles gambiae complex specimens were collected monthly using human landing catch (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catch (PSC). The total population of the 6 study villages was 3,681 in 2001, consisting primarily of farmers, whose main occupations are agriculture (cotton, maize, millet and peanut) and domestic animal breeding. gambiae complex was the most frequent vector comprising more than 99% of the active vector fauna each year as compared to An. Yearly parasitological studies were conducted in July, at the beginning of the transmission period, except in 2009 when, for logistical reasons, this assessment was performed in October. and An. While grass infusion has been shown to be an effective attractant for Cx. Before Detection of parasites in vector mosquitoes is one of the surveillance strategies that countries can consider. 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